Challenges Of Globalization And Law 1644 Words | 7 Pages. THE MELLICHAMP 21ST CENTURY Changgang, G. Afzaal, M. (2019). Cultures Juridiques et Politiques Ser.: The Challenge of Change for the [13] With the dramatic fall in oil prices and coronavirusdiseaseoutbreak fostering economic diversification and industrial restructuring has become paramount for many countries, including even oil-rich ones. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. The Chinese people can be expected to learn from international criticism and pragmatically further develop the project one step at a time.10 And the global players in the United States and Europe can be expected to move away from criticism and to develop appropriate responses, solutions, and concepts in the service of a new global dynamic that will see various approaches to capitalism and various norms and standards to develop a global core competence. Free shipping for many products! China's leaders have mapped out an ambitious plan, the Maritime Silk Road Initiative (MSRI), to establish three "blue economic passages" that will connect Beijing with economic hubs around the world. Mongol rule was a time of toleration for the diversity of religions and nationalities. Kahraman, A.I. In: Sydney Goldman (ed. Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History (Princeton Classics). In most instances, Beijing seems to have supported Moscows position. These uncertain and problematic conditions place Chinas BRI plans at risk. [16], Bottlenecks in project funding in the Middle East region are additional concern. Second, the depletion of foreign currency reserves and uncertainty about future oil prices have forced the Gulf states to adopt restraint in economic policy, including streamlining and cost-cutting measures. World Economic Forum articles may be republished in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Public License, and in accordance with our Terms of Use. First, the geography of the route was sometimes difficult. these challenges range from the high barrier to market access, bureaucratic corruption, complex business environment, weak governance and the rule of law, low regional economic and trade integration, lack of economic diversification, and low productivity growth, to inequality in earnings, the bottleneck in project funding, obstacles to doing And should we be worried. This essay is part of the series All About Chinaa journey into the history and diverse culture of China through essays that shed light on the lasting imprint of Chinas past encounters with the Islamic world as well as an exploration of the increasingly vibrant and complex dynamics of contemporary Sino-Middle Eastern relations. [10] Liu Li and Wang Zesheng, Belt and Road Initiative in the Gulf Region: Progress and Challenges,China Institute of International Studies, September 11, 2017, http://www.ciis.org.cn/english/2017-11/09/content_40063037.htm. China's 21st century maritime silk road: Challenges and opportunities Protests in Kazakhstan over land code changes, the diplomat, 27 April. In the discussion about various forms of capitalism one player is hardly ever mentioned, particularly in conjunction with the Silk Road project: the Russian Federation. Holt P.M. Lambton A.K.S. However, anyone who has visited the traditionally Muslim northwestern Chinese province of Xinjiang might already suspect that the smart city is about more than just efficient (digital) services for citizens. Encouraged by renewed interest in the Silk Road - for cultural exchange, trade and tourism - UNWTO decided to revive the ancient routes as a tourism concept, uniting three continents once more in a project encompassing over 12.000 km. This made the silk clothes a very bad quality. The Chinese government must not neglect domestic challenges that could undermine its efforts. In: Lettre International, Edition 120, 2018, 124129. London: Maclehose Press. The difficulties they faced were sandstorms, bandits (thieves), scorpions, mountain lions, hunger, climate, rough physical . The proxy battles waged by the two countries in Iraq, Syria, Yemen, Lebanon, and elsewhere have exacerbated regional tensions and fueled Sunni-Shia sectarian animosity across the Muslim world. Today, a small part of the old route is a paved highway between Pakistan and China . Future rules, for instance regarding data privacy, will come from the (global) confrontation between democratic and authoritarian systems. [2] Gabriel Domnguez, China seeking to link Iran to its New Silk Road, Deutsche Welle, December, 15, 2005, https://www.dw.com/en/china-seeking-to-link-iran-to-its-new-silk-road/a-18917586. What jobs do people in the Sahel have? - Sage-Advices These developments create identity crises and feelings of inferiority in the Central Asian countries, which (to varying degrees) are supported by Moscow. [18] Farzin Nadimi, Iran and China are Strengthening Their Military Ties, The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, November 22, 2016, https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/iran-and-china-are-strengthening-their-military-ties. It is becoming clear that this expansion and global development to find new markets and to secure raw materials makes a great deal of sense from Chinas perspective. 4876. China is on its way to worldwide dominance in the fields of digitization and artificial intelligence technology. Geopolitical and Geoeconomic Challenges to China's Silk Road Strategy The Silk Roads were no exotic series of connections, but networks that linked continents and oceans together. For more details, review our .chakra .wef-12jlgmc{-webkit-transition:all 0.15s ease-out;transition:all 0.15s ease-out;cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:none;color:inherit;font-weight:700;}.chakra .wef-12jlgmc:hover,.chakra .wef-12jlgmc[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.chakra .wef-12jlgmc:focus,.chakra .wef-12jlgmc[data-focus]{box-shadow:0 0 0 3px rgba(168,203,251,0.5);}privacy policy. The Real Fight for the Global Economy's Future. In Foreign Affairs (January/ February), pp. However, technological change and dramatic declines in transportation costs have since made it obsolete as container shipping and the advent of cargo flights have shifted trade from the surface to the sea or air. The Han people traded silk, spices, and jade to other countries, and they bought glass, gold, and other noble metals. Our aim for today is to update on China's vision for 5000 trains by 2020 Silk Route Rail's vision as a private NTOCC Current . The Silk Road, commonly known as the first global trade route in history, had a scope and importance far . Ancient China for Kids: The Silk Road - Ducksters It assesses the implications of the project for European Union (EU) foreign and security interests . Chinese foreign relations with weak peripheral states. There is now a growing need for China to invest more in foreign countries. China and its Middle Eastern partners could expand areas of industrial capacity cooperation and focus on major projects (e.g., ports, logistics, and industrial parks). Chinese companies could invest in industrial development projects across the region, rather than focus almost exclusively on the Gulf countries. Mackinder, Halford J. In the present article, an overview of groundwater development in the plain, along with the associated negative effects, is provided. The ancient Silk Road was established during the Han Dynasty era (206 BC - 220 AD). MEI welcomes financial donations, but retains sole editorial control over its work and its publications reflect only the authors views. The . There is also fierce competition with other countries. Infrastructure projects generally feature low profitability, an extended period for return on investment, and strict government monitoring; accordingly, private investment and available financing channels are limited. Silk Road Virtual Challenge | The Conqueror Virtual Challenges Leiden: CNWS. The Parthians now controlled the Silk Route. Barendse, R.J. (1998). The 21st Century Maritime Silk Road Initiative (MSR Initiative), put forward by the Chinese government together with the Silk Road Economic Belt, reflects China's ambition and vision to shape the global economic and political order. Robbers were common. ( Public Domain ) One of the consequences of the need for water in the Gobi Desert is the foundation of rest stops / caravanserais along the route taken by the travelers. if the winds were favorable, a ship could travel three times the speed of a camel caravan and carry the load of a thousand camels.35 moreover, by sea, "the incidental hazards of negotiation, protection money, wilful obstruction and downright violence were so much rarer than in the carrying of goods across region and region . (Ed.) The Copenhagen Journal of Asian Studies, 35(2), 52-78. Why womens rights must be at the heart of crisis response, Why we need to regulate non-state use of arms, President Zelensky Warns Of Global Food Crisis. The Silk Road earned its name from Chinese silk, a highly valued commodity that merchants transported along these trade networks. The Han Empire expanded to the west and built a trade network with Central Asian countries, and it even connected the empire with Europe. As China and the countries of the region become more integrated, they will also share risks and face near-term geopolitical and geoeconomic challenges. The Silk Road | National Geographic Society The Silk Road extended approximately 6,437 kilometers (4,000 miles) across some of the world's most formidable landscapes, including the Gobi Desert and the Pamir Mountains. What is NATO and what happened at the NATO summit? Gale, F. Hansen, J. What does this mean from an economic, political, military, cultural, social, and ecological perspectiveon a global scale, but also on a regional scale?6 Can the declared emphasis on equal participation by the involved states be implemented? Some of the BRI corridors cross through Russia itself, but it is mainly the Central Asian and Eurasian region that is traversed by historical and modern Silk Road routes. It went along the northern borders of China, India, and Persia and ended up in Eastern Europe near today's Turkey and the Mediterranean Sea. Transportation Politics and economics in Eurasia, Caucasus International 6(1), 127-140. Oxford University Press, Oxford. However, Chinas plans for a long-term presence in the region will most likely require it to be more active on the political stage and adopt an independent policy orientation. Caravans crawled across the Silk Road buying, selling, and transporting culture from Rome to Chang'an for two thousand years. Hannes Thees is Research Associate at the Chair of Tourism / Center for Entrepreneurship at the Catholic University of Eichsttt-Ingolstadt. Governance failures, ranging from corruption to. The Railway Challenges on the New Silk Road by Silk Route Rail Ltd., Hong Kong Suining 31st October 2016 by CILT International www.ciltinternational.org 2. Akihitos Visit Brings Japan, China Step Closer (AP News, October 29, 1992). The Silk Road Flashcards | Quizlet There were a few difficulties of traveling on the Silk Road. In the traditional civil engineering field, Beijing is facing competition from other developing countries such as India and Turkey. The possibility exists for China, Japan and India to jointly advance some development projects, especially in low-sensitivity areas that concern people's livelihoods, such as agriculture, medicine and disaster relief. In May 2013, just two months after taking charge, Premier Li Keqiang left . The trades on the Silk Road began from China, the commercial centers in the old time. . However, the main difficulty in converting the oil-based Gulf economies to diversify is that political and social stability in these countries is directly related to the high standard of living of their citizens, which is supported by oil money. And rules will also emerge from the introduction of a social, points-based system in the Peoples Republic of Chinanot least because it will apply not only to citizens, but also to companies9. (1974). The Northwest passage is used by Canada, Denmark and Greenland through the Atlantic to Pacific from Rotterdam to San Francisco. (1904). AU - Fabinyi, Michael. On the one hand, the construction of the new Silk Roads requires colossal funding. Geographical Setting of the Silk Roads | Asia Society Schwab Foundation for Social Entrepreneurship, Centre for the Fourth Industrial Revolution, Who are the Blue Helmets? Ultimately, however, the opportunities due to globalization will be highlighted as well. How did the Silk Road appear? Using one single name for this intricate web of trade routes is a modern invention; the name Silk Road was coined by the geographer Ferdinand von Richthofen in the late 19th century. China's Silk Roads are inherently vulnerable to Hybrid Wars which in this context may emerge as the external provocation of "identity conflicts" in diverse states in order to disrupt, control, or influence the transnational connective infrastructure projects through a variety of political outcomes. It remained in use until the late Middle Ages . Asymmetrical economic power and insecurity. The Silk Road Essay - 1198 Words | Bartleby lake in the Pamirs The Silk Road was a vital communications link as well as a trade route. A. China, Pakistan and the challenges of Silk Road connectivity How Did The Silk Roads Affect Society - 771 Words | Cram . New Markets and New Economy. The civil war and humanitarian catastrophe in Yemen might drag on, producing a failed state and incubator for violent extremist networks. First, great power competition between the United States and Russia is likely to have adverse implications for the successful implementation of the BRI. As NATO looks to expand, many may still wonder: how does it work? In the first century CE, silk became a problem. : The Challenge of Change for the Legal and Political Systems of Eurasia : The Impact of the New Silk Road by Zhuldyz Sairambaeva (2022, Hardcover, New Edition) at the best online prices at eBay! :). Simon & Schuster, New York. The Middle East serves as an arena for proxy conflicts between the US and Russia. As is common in all distribution networks, the cost of the item grew exponentially as it passed hands along the Silk Road and arrived in the West. The Silk Road was the arterial system that linked remote civilizations and great empires to one another. is affecting economies, industries and global issues, with our crowdsourced digital platform to deliver impact at scale. Nowhere else in the world is the fight for interpretive dominance about the future of capitalism more apparent than on and along the Silk Roads. Linking the Silk Road Economic Belt and the Eurasian Economic Union: Mission Impossible? 3. Therefore the trade routes can mainly be divided into two parts: northern routes and southern routes AU - Song, Annie Young. A History with Documents. Eisenman, Joshua; Stewart, Devin T. (2019): Chinas Global Critics Are Helping It Win. Third, there is a high barrier to market access in the Gulf region. [22]After all, some of the planned routes, especially the Southern Corridor running through Iran, may never leave the drawing board. 926, May 10, 2017, https://www.inss.org.il/publication/challenge-oil-market-gulf-states/. The impasse between Qatar and its GCC neighbors could continue or the sharp divisions between them grow even wider. The Chinese offering, with massive infrastructure development and international networking of these infrastructures, is tempting for many countriesin part because it stimulates politically popular growth in those countries, and in part because the countries are cash-strapped and are therefore more willing to sell attractive infrastructures to Chinese companies, in whole or in part.7, There is good reason to assume that China aims to use BRI to achieve the upper hand in evolving worldwide globalization dynamics, and may be planning to implement a new, initially economically-dominated framework of global governance.. Fourth, the region is beset by numerous hotspots and flashpoints of conflict. Haas M. de (Ed.) Karamustafa, O. (2018). BRI is an attempt to secure political and economic spheres of influence worldwide. Since China's Central Asian policy has been a projection outward of a policy of massive trade and economic development - all good Leninist solutions to the nationality problem ascribed to uneven levels of socio-economic development - continued instability will raise serious questions to the viability of the new Silk Road. (1996). Fatland, Erika (2019): Sovietistan. China's New Silk Road - Bloomberg What's a Chief eXploration Officer? What were the difficulties travelers faced while being on the silk road They played an essential role in the rapprochement of Eastern and Western civilizations. London, Oxford, New York, New Delhi, Sydney: Bloomsbury. This is where empires were won - and where they were lost. Problems and perspectives of the New Silk Road The Silk Road was a network of trade routes connecting China and the Far East with the Middle East and Europe. [11] Corruption Perceptions Index 2018, Transparency International, January 23,2020, https://images.transparencycdn.org/images/2019_CPI_Report_EN.pdf. The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order. The Maritime Silk Road of the 21 st Century (MSR) is one of the two largest and most ambitious projects announced by Xi Jinping in 2013, under the current name, the Belt and Road Initiative. Therefore, the BRI faces both internal and external constraints. New report on the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road | SIPRI Uncertainty, because available information about projects, motivations, conditions, and standards lacks transparency. Schwab Foundation for Social Entrepreneurship, Centre for the Fourth Industrial Revolution. This paper will mainly from two lines to analyze the trade routes of the international trades on the Silk Road: overland and sea. For a listing of MEI donors, please click here. It earned its name from one of the most valuable commodities traded along this route, the Chinese silk. (2019): Local service industry and tourism development through the global trade and infrastructure project of the New Silk Road the example of Georgia. In The Service Industries Journal 9 (3), pp. This road was operational until 1453 when the Turks conquered Constantinople. (1970). On the other hand, governments have sought to curb imports. The Pamir Mountain passage area is called the trail of bones because of the many people who died there. A disadvantage to that same connectedness that it might be bad for small or developing countries. Il Mulino, Bologna. Map of the Silk Road - Route in red (later ocean routes in blue) The Silk Road is named after the lucrative international trade in Chinese silk textiles that started during the Han dynasty (207 BC - 220 CE). These differing interpretations of capitalism will determine worldwide globalization dynamics in the future. The BRI reveals China to be an ambitious power, seeking regional dominance in the short term and global dominance in the long term. Hansen, V. (2016). Today more than ever, the Silk Road is the political and economic main focus, arousing hopes on the one hand, and distrust on the other, especially against the Peoples Republic of China, which officially revived the Silk Road and made it one of the leading topics and goals in recent years. Civilization and Capitalism, 15th-18th Century: Vol.1: The Structure of Everyday Life. [9] Yoel Guzansky and Shmuel Even, The Challenge of the Oil Market to the Gulf States, INSS Insight No. Now a fundamental station on the China-led 21st Century Maritime Silk Road, Sri Lanka is engaging in large-scale infrastructure projects with China, which include Colombo Financial City a . [5] Mordechai Chaziza, China's Counter-Terrorism Policy in the Middle East, in M. Clarke (ed. (2017). But what are the consequences of the planned and, in some cases, already realized enormous investments in port facilities, oil and gas pipelines, railways, free trade zones, and airports in a large number of countries? First, most Middle Eastern countries are at the primary stage of industrialization, and they are susceptible to US and Western influence. Furthermore, China could reduce the burden of the mammoth undertaking of implementing the BRI by cooperating with international public and private sector partners to bid on and execute major projects.[21]. Daniel and the author got out of the car to reduce its load on sharp bends. Along with silk, large varieties of goods were traded and traveled along this route both going to and from China. The author started getting a severe headache. It stands in direct contrast to the Wests liberal meritocratic form, which is embedded in the context of democracy and the rule of law but is also associated with the challenge of economic and social inequality (a problem that is also increasing dramatically in China). It truly is a once in a lifetime experience. The challenges and opportunities of China's new Silk Road [12] China's Xi pledges to fight corruption at Belt and Road summit, Al Jazeera, April 26, 2019,https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/04/china-xi-pledges-fight-corruption-belt-road-summit-190426063632664.html. [20] Ty Joplin, Chinese Debt Trap? China and the New Silk Road. Fears could arise in other areas: about uneven development speeds, about differing interpretations of technological developments and their impact on politics and society, and about economic power and resulting practical realities such as fear of debt. Its rapid social development is enmeshed with technological developments, which results among other things in the new Chinese middle classes having few problems with state taxation and surveillance. [14] The region is also in dire need of high-quality infrastructure to accelerate investment, provide new jobs for its booming youth population, and create sustained and inclusive growth. The Silk Road conjures images of desert caravans crossing the Great Steppe and adventurers like Marco Polo navigating ancient trading routes connecting China with Europe and Africa. Only five countries the UAE, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Oman, and Qatar have managed to remain above this average. Paradoxically, Irans regional hegemonic potential and aspirations could themeslves potentially do more to harm than to advance the prospects for the BRI. Frank, A.G. (2016). The extensive road network can help overcome barriers to disaster management. The collapse of the Soviet Union marked the start of rampant, uncontrolled privatization of state property, while the population was left practically empty-handed. The indelible image of a caravan stretching across the dunes conjures unknown horizons in our imaginations. According to the World Bank, the Middle East needs to invest over $100 billion annually to maintain existing infrastructure and to create new infrastructure to serve its burgeoning population. DOI: 10.1080/02642069.2019.1623204. Although the term "Silk Road" would lead one that it was on road, this term actually refers to a number of different routes that covered a vast amount of land and were traveled by many different people. The New Silk Road - China's Belt and Road Initiative - China Highlights The other hand, the Chinese Silk help overcome barriers to disaster management was... China and the Remaking of World Order of mei donors, please click here to! 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