This free event series allows attendees to meet with stakeholders and affiliates in the distributed . While exemplary architectures described herein are provided with respect to CAPTCHA puzzles, other types of puzzles requiring human work are contemplated. 1 illustrates four nodes, node A 110, node B 115, node C 120, and node D 125; however, embodiments of the present disclosure may include fewer or more than four nodes. The way blockchain works, it involves a lot of core processes like block mining, block generation, block hashing, and block sharing. Unsurprisingly, many companies are keen to protect their blockchain developments via patents. The main purpose of the AI would be to assist in the analysis of various applications submitted at the patent office. identifying a puzzle set comprising a plurality of computing-resistant puzzles; receiving a plurality of human-input proposed solutions to at least a subset of the plurality of computing-resistant puzzles of the puzzle set; for each of the plurality of human-input proposed solutions to the at least a subset of the plurality of computing-resistant puzzles of the puzzle set, confirming the validity of the human-input proposed solutions; producing a proof-of-work based on at least a threshold quantity of validated ones of human-input proposed solutions to the plurality of computing-resistant puzzles of the puzzle set and the respective computing-resistant puzzles; and. This new patent claims to know how your internal organs are functioning. The computational power and energy consumption required to solve complex cryptographic hashing puzzles as proof-of-work is expensive. The computer readable media may be a computer readable signal medium or a computer readable storage medium. At 2018s Future of Fintech conference,Catherine Bessant, Chief Technology Officer at Bank of America, told the audience, weve got just under 50 patents in the distributed ledger technology space [also known as blockchain]. Overall, Bank of America filed the 125th most patents in 2017. In 2017, IBM contends that they filed 9,043 patents, including a new way to accept payments from an untrusted party using blockchain technology. The methods and systems described herein disclose a blockchain architecture that uses human effort, rather than computational power and energy consumption, to solve puzzles as the proof-of-work system or function for the blockchain architecture. There are two main types of blockchain patents: cryptocurrency and blockchain specific. He added that Coinbase wants to protect itself against patent trolls. FIG. 9, may verify or check whether the solution is correct. 4 illustrates a discrepancy in the chain caused by conflicting hash values. The above stats indicate that distributed ledger technology and cryptocurrency solution patents are becoming a thing again in 2020. This way, a dishonest node seeking to rewrite history of transactions or data on the chain would need to re-solve each of the puzzles of a given round for a given block. One of skill in the art would recognize other techniques for storing and accessing a collection of data elements. 7, the hash of the solution may be salted so that the solutions cannot be looked up in a reverse hash table, and in some embodiments, the hash of the previous block (H(Bt1)) may be used as the salt to evidence the freshness of the puzzle. Once such consensus has been obtained, i.e., by broadcasting and validating solutions to each of the puzzles of the current round or some threshold number of puzzles of the current round, that consensus may be memorialized in the current block, for example, by including a representation of the puzzles and solutions in the block. 5 illustrates a segment of the blockchain of FIG. As used herein, the singular forms a, an and the are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Blockchain technology has a bright global future as it demonstrates pervasive globalization with a wide focus on all areas of human activities grouped to the 7 areas below (Magic 7):. 2, a block 250 may include, for example, an index value, a timestamp, block data, a hash value of the block itself, and a hash value of the previous block in the blockchain. The first independent claim of the '030 patent application recites the following: A method for linking blockchain transactions to privately verified identities, comprising: In certain embodiments, the public key corresponding to the private key may replace the hash of the puzzle solution in the broadcasted set of puzzles. One of skill in the art would appreciate that computing hash values to rehash and rebuild the blocks, while computationally intensive in and of itself, is not computationally difficult or resource intensive enough to prevent attacks given today's computing machines. The flowchart and block diagrams in the figures illustrate the architecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementations of systems, methods and computer program products according to various aspects of the present disclosure. 2 includes ten blocks (205, 210, 215, 220, 225, 230, 235, 240, 245, and 250). Other nodes, without knowing the value of key x, are able to verify that the solver has in fact solved the puzzle by decrypting the message with the public key distributed with the puzzle corresponding to the private key x. Upon examination at the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) the patent was assigned to art unit 3685 "Data Processing" which boasts a 33% allowance rate. Norcross said: "At its core, blockchain is a distributed ledger technology (DLT). , a_N)=f(Q_t, H(B_(t1))) denotes a vector of public keys of the trusted sources selected to generate puzzles for block t. In such embodiments, the vector A t may be deterministically selected from the set of available sources and the selection function f( ) is also a function of the hash of the previous block, t1. Today, some of the biggest financial services companies worldwide are working hard on blockchain patents. Such a propagated signal may take a variety of forms comprising, but not limited to, electro-magnetic, optical, or a suitable combination thereof. As most of these are in the digital information transmission area, their control over blockchain intellectual property is growing. Bank of America (46 patents) has filed the maximum number of cryptocurrency-related blockchain patents. The first step in the patent application process is to file a non-provisional patent application, which involves paying attorney fees typically between $5000 and $15,000 but sometimes more depending on the complexity of the invention. So lets get started. The second lets you write your own smart contracts. For exemplary purposes, the blockchain and proof-of-work architecture described herein may be described with reference to CAPTCHA puzzles. Other nodes maintain the blockchain by validating and propagating new entries and/or blocks, and storing full copies of the blockchain database. Blockchain has the ability to safely store unalterable data that can be accessed instantaneously anywhere in the world. Blockchain technology refers generally to a technique for storing information. Undoubtedly, Blockchain is here to stay, and it will act as a powerful force in the disruption of technology very soon. When the threshold number of solutions have been published to the network, the current block can be sealed and created. Blockchain is one of most hyped technology in recent times, and patent protection for blockchain based innovations will have a high degree of impact on projects covering smart contracts, cryptocurrency (Bitcoin), distributed ledger, financial technology (FinTech) products and supply chain management. Blockchain is a significant step forward as we look towards greater global innovation integration and connectivity. As FIG. They also come with forced adherence, meaning that if you do not receive the service for which you paid, youll receive an automatic refund. Though weve not yet found large-scale execution opportunities for blockchain firm, we know thats coming, added Bessant. In certain embodiments, the system may allow multiple trusted sources to generate the same puzzle number as a protection against a malicious attack by one of the trusted sources. Figure 1 (1) shows the top 100 AI, blockchain, and IoT technology innovation entities respectively selected by the total number of published patent applications. In this regard, each block in the flowchart or block diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portion of code, which comprises one or more executable instructions for implementing the specified logical function(s). FIG. Therefore, the proof-of-work required in the Bitcoin system requires not only calculating a block's hash value, but making sure the calculated hash is below a certain number. These are the top three countries where most of the blockchain developments are expected in future. More specifically, as, It follows then, that in order to effectively tamper with the blockchain, the malicious user, in the present example user C, must rebuild the blockchain on top of the tampered block to a length where the chain including the tampered block is the longest chain. 12. Thus, in such an embodiment, the puzzle-solution pairs that may be included in the block represent the proof-of-work for the block in the blockchain architecture described herein. We are a private de-facto organization working individually and proliferating Blockchain technology globally. China is leading the space with 34,562 granted and pending blockchain applications. In this example, chain 305 and fraudulent block 310 would be orphaned, and no other users would attempt to build on that branch of the chain, i.e., on top of block 310, because it is not part of the longest chain. Japan with 108, South Korea with 87, and China with. Since blockchain is decentralized, you dont need a bank or credit card to process a cryptocurrency transaction. Home Blockchain Top 7 Blockchain Patent Owners. The online patent application can be summarized as follows: The human body activity associated with the task provided to a user can be used in the mining process of a cryptocurrency system. For this reason, blockchain will be worth over $700 billion by 2021. encrypting groups of characters of a plain text message using fixed encryption transformation, Modes of operation, e.g. First, a trusted source generates a private key, denoted x in this example. In such an embodiment, the hash of the solution to the puzzle may comprise a hash of the sequence of solutions. In application areas, cryptocurrencies received the highest number of patent filing. 7 of including a CAPTCHA image and the solution in the puzzle. Blockchain in Telecom, Supply chain management, IoT and Smart Homes, Gun Tracking, Law Enforcement, Gaming, etc are the industries where Blockchain will play a key role. Connect the world!! The present disclosure provides a method and system that improves blockchain database technology by reducing the energy consumed by the blockchain architecture and validation mechanisms without reducing the complexity and security of the blockchain proof-of-work. And many of the applications submitted do not appear to be advanced or. The node must repeatedly adjust the nonce value and rehash the block until the node calculates a hash value that is less than the target number. The chart below represents the leading companies filing patents in the USPTO for blockchain. 9 illustrates user-input solutions to puzzles to nodes on the network. These computer program instructions may be provided to a processor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable instruction execution apparatus, create a mechanism for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks, or otherwise described herein. Among the requirements for obtaining a U.S. patent is that the subject matter of a patent application must . Also good news for PAEs is that a full 75% of blockchain patent applications are being filed in China and the U.S. - countries where the potential markets for commercializing blockchain applications are huge. Blockchains may be used to store or record varying types of data. In other embodiments, the system may require only a threshold of the N puzzles for the current round to be solved. It should also be noted that, in some alternative implementations, the functions noted in the block may occur out of the order noted in the figures. Human input devices include input/output devices such as a mouse, keyboard, microphone, camera, stylus, touchscreen, and other similar input/output devices. Despite having the most patents of any digital currency exchange, Coinbase has a complicated relationship to patenting. . U.S. patents account for 39%, South Korea 21%, and China ranked third with a share of 19%. To participate in the blockchain peer-to-peer network, the nodes may have networking capabilities and hardware. According to Envision IP, five companies hold 124 of the blockchain patents filed in the United States. 7, may generate a plurality or set of puzzles. For each block, a set of N puzzles may be generated in the current round. Japan with 108, South Korea with 87, and China with. Even more serious is the threat that blockchain technology poses to financial services companies. The computational work required to solve the puzzle is processing power to compute and test hashes using different nonce values until the node, or a different node, finds a solution and adds a valid block to the blockchain. The proof-of-work function and corresponding blockchain architecture described herein may leverage human effort as proof-of-work required for each block on the blockchain. 2. The public key corresponding to the private key may be included with the broadcast CAPTCHA puzzle, and the solution to the puzzle may be signed with the private key x. As illustrated in the FIG. This ranks them fourth in the world in terms of capital under management. smartphone) or some sort of antigen. Nodes receiving user-input solutions to a puzzle, for examples node 110 and node 115 in FIG. 4. The participants may be referred to as nodes, and nodes may serve different purposes or specialized purposes on the blockchain network. The computer readable media may be a computer readable signal medium or a computer readable storage medium. The smaller the target hash value, i.e., the more leading zeros, the more difficult the cryptographic hashing puzzle. Specifically, the methods and systems described herein may be implemented using various categories of CAPTCHA puzzles including CAPTCHAs based on text, image, audio, video, puzzle assembly, or other types puzzles including, for example, crossword puzzles, image recognition puzzles, and other similar puzzles involving human work that are more readily solved by human power than computer power. In some embodiments, the hash of the puzzles and solution may be a hash of all of the puzzles and corresponding solutions for that round together, in other words, as hash of all puzzles and corresponding solutions for each of the N puzzles of the current round. IBM and Mastercard are Nchain and Walmart. In some embodiments, nodes are computing devices. By including the hash value of the block in each block, blocks can be verified and tampering easily detected by applying the cryptographic hashing algorithm to the block to obtain the block's hash value and comparing the determined hash value with the hash value recorded as part of the block. Thus, tampering with the blockchain and redoing the human work requires either an immense amount of computational power to solve the CAPTCHAs, or a large army of human workers to solve the CAPTCHA puzzles. Immutability refers to an unchanging or tamper-resistant property, which in the context of blockchains means that blockchain data is difficult to tamper with or modify once added to the blockchain. IBM, or International Business Machines Corporation, has been investing in blockchain for some time and is tied with Mastercard with the second most blockchain patents. The patent suggests using body heat, fluids, or brainwaves to validate blockchain transactions and award users with digital currency such as Bitcoin. As illustrated in FIG. You can see that the interest of foreign companies in the US market is continuously increasing which is evident from the number of patent filing following an upward trend. FIG. 7, in certain embodiments, each CAPTCHA puzzle may be labeled from 1 to N, as seen with CAPTCHA puzzle 415 and CAPTCHA puzzle 420, to denote which of the N puzzles it corresponds to for that round out of a determined number of puzzles for the respective round. Proof-of-work systems are economic deterrents to denial-of-service (DoS) or distributed-denial-of-service attacks (DDoS) by requiring work and expenditure of some limited resource. Weve published 12 technology domains industry insights. through the participation of everyone in the world. Moreover, Bitcoin's proof-of-work protocol inevitably will require more energy as the network grows and processing power increases. The method of claim 5, wherein confirming the validity of the human-input proposed solutions comprises comparing a hash value of the human-input proposed solution to a hash value of the CAPTCHA puzzle solution. The United States is second in patenting with 8,759 granted patents and pending applications. 11 and FIG. FIG. CA, INC., NEW YORK, Free format text: OVERVIEW OF THE PATENT LANDSCAPE. . In such embodiments, solving one of the CAPTCHAs reveals the private key x to the solver because the solver is able to determine x once in possession of the signed solution distributed with the puzzle and the user-input solution to the puzzle. Perhaps user C would like to double spend some of those coins. 2. The solution may be coupled with the solver's public key, so that the solving user can be rewarded for solving the puzzle. In embodiments with multiple sources of puzzles, the system may designate which labels of puzzles (i.e., from 1 to N) should be created by which source. According to a patent application filed with the State Intellectual Property Office of China (SIPO) in 2018, the bank planned to use a distributed ledger infrastructure to enhance the efficiency of certificate issuance and save users from constantly sending the same report to different entities. Using known techniques of normalization, any valid solution can then be converted to normalized form and verified for its correctness. The corresponding structures, materials, acts, and equivalents of any means or step plus function elements in the claims below are intended to include any disclosed structure, material, or act for performing the function in combination with other claimed elements as specifically claimed. This is the reason security applications of blockchain are gaining a lot of traction. The method further includes confirming the validity of the human-input proposed solutions and producing a proof-of-work based on at least a threshold quantity of validated human-input proposed solutions. Rather than storing the database in a single central location, blockchain refers distributed databases, which may be maintained and managed by peer-to-peer networks comprised of many nodes, wherein the nodes maintain the blockchain according to an agreed protocol. There are many techniques for varying the amount of work, and thus the complexity of the puzzles, in the embodiments described herein. Furthermore, CEO Brian Armstrong shared a lengthy justification for their decision to patent blockchain. In other words, a blockchain is a type of database. If a blockchain patent application is not directed to any of these categories, it will most likely be patent-eligible. The latter is generally patented by larger companies. How the research activity in the Blockchain evolved over the year? In such embodiments, the protocol may randomly select nodes to generate puzzles based on the hash of the previous block. For reference, FIG. The method of claim 5, wherein the representation of the CAPTCHA puzzle solution comprises a hash value of the CAPTCHA puzzle solution and a prior block of the blockchain. Expressed algebraically, {(I_j, w_j)} is the set of CAPTCHA images (I_j) paired with their solutions (w_j), generated by the trusted sources for all j=1 . Thus, while user C can broadcast a chain 305 with a fraudulent block 310 in an attempt to take back two of the coins user C transferred to user B in block 240, a node receiving chain 305 may, in addition to verifying each block, determine whether chain 305 is the longest chain it has seen or received. Human-solved puzzles as proof-of-work for blockchain. For example, each puzzle may contain multiple CAPTCHAs or a sequence of CAPTCHAs, thus imposing multiple tests per puzzle, rather than a single test per puzzle. 5 illustrates, user C may attempt to create a new chain by distributing chain 2 illustrated in FIG. Accordingly, blockchain architectures which do not consume vast amounts of real energy are important to sustaining the blockchain technology. In other words, referring now to FIG. Healthcare, conventional banking services, and general business services are other crucial categories related to Blockchain patents. , a_N)=f(Q_t, H(B_(t1))) denotes a vector of public keys of the trusted sources selected to generate puzzles for block t. In such embodiments, the vector A t may be deterministically selected from the set of available sources and the selection function f( ) is also a function of the hash of the previous block, t1. For a long time, Google has, The bearish mode of the crypto market, development in blockchain technology, and increasing popularity of NFT in the global market, Address : Blockchain Council, 340 S Lemon Ave #1147 Walnut, CA 91789. Blockchain Council creates an environment and raises awareness among businesses, enterprises, developers, and society by educating them in the Blockchain space. Thus, a proof-of-work system is central to many blockchain architectures. Today, the blockchain market for patents is constantly growing and is forecasted to reach 703 million USD by 2025, rising from 228 million USD in 2020 at a CAGR of 25.3%. For example, some embodiments may increase the number of puzzles for each round as the number of blocks on the chain increase, thereby requiring more work as the blockchain grows. In such embodiments, a human may solve a single puzzle or several puzzles. If you haven't read Part I yet, click here to read it. establishing the identity or authorisation of security principals, User authentication by graphic or iconic representation, Protecting data integrity, e.g. The method of claim 1, wherein the puzzle set comprises a first puzzle set, and further comprising identifying a second puzzle set, wherein the second puzzle set is derived from a hash value of the new block. The puzzles may be signed with the signature of the CAPTCHA's creator, and/or the previous block, such that nodes can verify the puzzle was generated by a trusted source. In such embodiments, a normalized form of the solution may be included with the puzzle. 19. It is aimed to add modularity and a high level of privacy for organizations that want to build their blockchain solutions. If a malicious user or group of users collude to pull together enough resources to generate blocks faster than on block every ten minutes, thereby gaining on the honest miners and making it inevitable to outrun the honest users in finding new blocks, bitcoin will automatically adjust by making the puzzles harder to keep the rate of producing a new block at the target time of ten minutes. A method includes identifying a set of computing-resistant puzzles and receiving human-input proposed solutions to at least a subset of the puzzles. To get instant updates about Blockchain Technology and to learn more about online Blockchain Certifications, check out Blockchain Council. According to data compiled by the law firm Wilson Sonsini (WSGR we've linked to their article on JDSUPRA), over 8,000 blockchain-related patents and patent applications have been filed worldwide, as of July 2018. The chart below depicts the blockchain patent filing trend over the last decade in the US: The table below can help you see the distribution of blockchain patents in different sub tech areas. Presently, there are more than hundreds of million users of Blockchain applications, which also include several Blockchain patent apps. In some embodiments, the number of puzzles in each set for a given round may be a function of the number of participants in the blockchain system. Thus, in some embodiments, trusted sources may sign puzzles with a private key, denoted k(q_j), which users or nodes may then decrypt using the public key, q_j, corresponding to the respective trusted source.
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