They pledged their lives, their fortunes, and their sacred honor not only to found a nation, but to forge an ideal of freedom. 7152 in order to secure passage. George I. Sanchez was the first executive director of the council. Civil Rights Era The NAACP played a pivotal role in the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s. On their way home, the civil rights workers were arrested and jailed by Deputy Sheriff Cecil Price. Refused admittance, Quinn and her children sat on the steps of the mansion. The presidents writers prepared six drafts of the speech before the final version was set for the teleprompter feed that Johnson used to read his televised remarks that evening. In 1941 he was appointed to fill a vacant U.S. Senate seat. Blacks, whites, the elderly, the young, men and women gathered together, united in their desire to see the creation of the historic legislation. Clarence Mitchell to Roy Wilkins, April 3, 1964 (Senate Letter No. Motion Picture, Broadcasting and Recorded Sound Division. Published in the Chicago Sun-Times, June 14, 1964. Starting in my own community! Smiths motives were complex. Inspector General | 7152. Nicolaus Mills, Like A Holy Crusade: Mississippi 1964 --The Turning Point of the Civil Rights Movement in America, Chicago, Ivan R. Dee, 1992. William O. Douglas Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (202.00.00), Bookmark this item: //www.loc.gov/exhibits/civil-rights-act/civil-rights-act-of-1964.html#obj202. Along with representatives from other religious organizations, he urged lawmakers to pass the Civil Rights Act and observed how they voted from the gallery of the House of Representatives, much to the displeasure of some House members. Photograph, 1956. The fight is on. In the 1990s, NAACP struggled to find a leader who could replace the prolific Dr. Hooks. The changes he sought undermined the proposed Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). A series of early court battles, including a victory against a discriminatory Oklahoma law that regulated voting by means of a grandfather clause (Guinn v. States, 1910), helped establish the NAACP's importance as a legal advocate. NAACP Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (187.00.00, 187.01.00), Bookmark this item: //www.loc.gov/exhibits/civil-rights-act/civil-rights-act-of-1964.html#obj187. From 1928 to 1932, he served in the State House of Representatives. On June 26, 1966, the march concluded at the Mississippi Capitol before an integrated crowd of about 15,000. The real story of the nation's oldest and largest civil rights organization lies in the hearts and minds of all those who refused to stand idly while race prejudice tarnished our nation. Clarence Mitchell to Roy Wilkins, April 10, 1964 (Senate Letter No. Horn also participated in the silent vigil in support of the act. This website is using a security service to protect itself from online attacks. It was critical, if not essential, to propelling the Civil Rights Movement beyond the general inertia of the 1950s struggle. Gender Roles in 1950s Learn . Houston was the Howard University law school dean whose strategy on school-segregation cases paved the way for his protg Thurgood Marshall to prevail in 1954's Brown v. Board of Education, the decision that overturned Plessy. a civil rights organization that was the . Senator Richard Russell (D-GA) divided the senators opposing the bill, known as the Southern bloc, into three six-member platoons to prolong the filibuster. By the 1950s the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, headed by Marshall, secured the last of these goals through Brown v. Board of Education (1954), which outlawed segregation in public schools. He also asked for support from friend and mentor Senator Richard B. Russell, Jr., (D-GA), the leader of the Southern Democrats in the Senate, who opposed the bill to the very end. 1964-5: 1964 Civil Rights Act and 1965 Voting Rights Act. National Visionary Leadership Collection (AFC 2004/007), American Folklife Center. Its purpose was civic education and participation through motivation and literacy by potentially qualified Black voters. On May 12, senator and presidential candidate Barry Goldwater (R-AZ) (19091998) delivered a speech before a crowd of 18,000 at Madison Square Garden in the first large rally of the 1964 presidential campaign. In each community, the participation of youth was critical to the movement. *WHITNEY YOUNG (Born July 31, 1921, in Lincoln Ridge, Ky.; died March 11, 1971, in Lagos, Nigeria) Young became active in the civil rights movement while a graduate student in social work at the University of Minnesota. An unrelenting opponent of civil rights, he voted against antilynching and poll tax bills, and the extension of the FEPC. If the accused was tried without a jury, the judge would be limited in the penalties he could impose to fines of up to $300 or sentences of up to thirty days. NAACP Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (162.00.00), Bookmark this item: //www.loc.gov/exhibits/civil-rights-act/civil-rights-act-of-1964.html#obj162. The Supreme Court in 1956 struck down the Montgomery ordinance under which Parks had been fined, and outlawed racial segregation on public transportation. President Roosevelt also set up a Fair Employment Practices Committee (FEPC) to ensure compliance. Manuscript and archival collections focusing on civil rights and the Black Freedom Movement of the 20th Century. Senate Minority Leader Everett Dirksen, of Illinois (right) tugs on the arm of Majority Leader Mike Mansfield, of Montana. . Page 2. On June 14, 1965, approximately 500 demonstrators were at the Capitol and about half of them were teenagers. During his 15-year term, Dr. Hooks implemented many NAACP programs that continue today, such as Women in the NAACP and NAACP ACT-SO (Academic, Cultural, Technological and Scientific Olympics) competitions. This memorandum offers an assessment of the Dirksen amendments and their potential effect on H.R. Evers's early years as field secretary were crucial as he traveled throughout Mississippi organizing and reviving local NAACP branches, meeting with activists, and investigating allegations of injustices against Black Mississippians. Chairman Howard W. Smith (D-VA), an avid segregationist, refused to grant a rule for the bills floor debate. As a result, 1 million more African Americans cast their ballots in the 2000 presidential election than in 1996. Civil rights activists, known for their fight against social injustice and their lasting impact on the lives of all oppressed people, include Martin Luther King Jr., Harriet Tubman, Sojourner . The amendment prohibits the states or federal government from requiring voters to pay a poll tax before they are able to vote in a national election. 1964. All the whites who were charged were found not guilty. ", Charred remains of station wagon driven by missing civil rights workers, Senate Civil Rights Passage of Bill, Final Vote, Memory Sketch, Senate before final Civil Rights vote, final day. Spell. He was appointed to the U.S. Senate in 1952 by his mentor, Governor Earl Warren, to fill the seat vacated by Richard Nixon, who had been elected vice president. By 1913, with a strong emphasis on local organizing, NAACP had established branch offices in such cities as Boston, MA, Baltimore, MD, Kansas City, MO, St. Louis, MO, Washington, D.C., and Detroit, MI. Representative Don Edwards (D-CA) was the chairman of the House Subcommittee on Civil Liberties and Civil Rights. Herbert L. Block Collection, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (188.01.00), Bookmark this item: //www.loc.gov/exhibits/civil-rights-act/civil-rights-era.html#obj188_01. Representatives John Lindsay (19212000), Republican of New York, who helped craft the compromise bill after a stronger bill had been attacked by the Kennedy Administration and others as having no chance of passing, and Emanuel Celler (18881981), Democrat of New York and chairman of the committee, discuss the two bills in this excerpt from At Issue: Countdown on Civil Rights, broadcast January 15, 1964, on National Educational Television. He presented only ten amendments to the Senate on April 16. Although she received little formal education, she became one of the most dynamic speakers of the civil rights movement. Tracy Sugarman, Stranger At the Gates: A Summer in Mississippi, New York, Hill and Wang, 1966. He did not expect to defeat the bill. NAACP Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (177.00.00) Courtesy of the NAACP, Bookmark this item: //www.loc.gov/exhibits/civil-rights-act/civil-rights-act-of-1964.html#obj177. 24/7 coverage of breaking news and live events. Groups composed of students from each faith took turns standing in silent prayer twenty-four hours a day. Page 2 - Page 3 - Page 4 - Page 5. Crayon drawing, 1964.Howard Brodie Collection, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (192.02.00) Estate of Howard Brodie, Bookmark this item: //www.loc.gov/exhibits/civil-rights-act/civil-rights-act-of-1964.html#obj192, In a jammed chamber of the U.S. Senate there came the solemn moment on Friday, June 19, when the eleven title Civil Rights Bill was approved by a vote of 73 to 27., Clarence Mitchell to Roy Wilkins, June 20, 1964. Clarence Mitchell, Jr., (19111984), Washington Bureau director for the NAACP, explains the reason that the legislation has taken so long to reach this stage and calls for a real showdown on civil rights in this interview for At Issue: Countdown on Civil Rights, broadcast January 15, 1964, on National Educational Television. The Pike County projects of SNCC included voter education and canvassing, sit-ins, and even boycotts of public schools. Monthly Report of the Washington Bureau, March 5, 1964. President Lyndon Baines Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 in the East Room of the White House before an audience that included Attorney General Robert Kennedy, Senator Hubert Humphrey (D-MN), Senator Everett Dirksen (R-IL), Martin Luther King, Jr., A. Philip Randolph, James Forman, Roy Wilkins, Clarence Mitchell, Dorothy Height, and many other congressional and civic leaders, religious organizations, and labor leaders. Established in 1947 with headquarters in Jackson and branches in Hattiesburg and Cleveland, the Progressive Voters' League promoted itself as a cooperative enterprise that was non-partisan and non-threatening to White people. Press | He conceded in early January 1964 under the threat of a discharge petition and public pressure. They carriedsmall American flags. NAACP Washington Bureau. Campbell College later closed and its property was sold to Jackson College for expansion. Photograph, n.d. 1968. The association called for a boycott of the city-owned bus company. Protesters contended the legislature was an illegally constituted body, hence violating federal law. Recent leaders have included Bruce S. Gordon, Benjamin Todd Jealous, Dennis Courtland Hayes, and Cornell William Brooks. Eric Burner, And Gently Shall He Lead Them: Robert Parris Moses and Civil Rights in Mississippi, New York and London, New York University Press, 1994. Since 1980 there has been a significant growth in the body of historical literature on the Civil Rights Movement. On March 19, he suggested that this referral would give the Senate time to consider a coffee bill that would help in Latin-American relations. On March 30, the Senate began formal debate on H.R. As chairman of the powerful Senate Judiciary Committee, a post he held from 1956 to 1978, Eastland blocked civil rights legislation, claiming in 1966 to have defeated 127 such measures. From 1963 to 1966, Lewis chaired SNCC, which he helped form. After a compromise with Democratic Party leaders in the Senate, Dirksen was instrumental in persuading fellow Republicans to support the bill, and the filibuster that had held up passage ended. First time the Senate began formal debate on H.R Lay Bare the heart of Kings: Making Sense of the Lyndon Baines Johnson signed the bill into. 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