application/pdf (Z? 6n Of;pj In the second model (see Figure 2), paths were added for the five specific factors. (1996), we established that we had >99% power to detect a model with acceptable fit (RMSEA < 0.06) for the two baseline models and >87% power to detect a model with acceptable fit for the smaller treatment outcome model. Clinical global impression scale, in The ECDEU Assessment Manual for Psychopharmacology-Revised. The emotion regulation questionnaire: psychometric properties in general community samples Guy, W. Ther. To examine the incremental utility and reliability of each short form vis--vis the DERS-36, we conducted a series of hierarchical regression analyses. To conserve statistical power, we examined only the omnibus F-tests and R-squared change for each short form rather than evaluating each of the short forms subscales separately. Emotion regulation and mental health. Age showed small but significant negative associations with the DERS total score (r = -0.16, p = 0.002) and all subscales (r -0.12, p 0.018) except Awareness (r = -0.004, p = 0.240). TABLE 4. Appligent AppendPDF Pro 6.3 endobj 0000014299 00000 n (2013). startxref (2016). 0000188299 00000 n Although the DERS is often used in treatment and research settings for adults with emotional (i.e., anxiety, mood, obsessive-compulsive, or trauma-related) disorders, its psychometric properties are not well-characterized in this population. Evidence of broad deficits in emotion regulation associated with chronic worry and generalized anxiety disorder. J. Clin. All items also loaded significantly on their specific factor (beyond variance explained by the general factor) with the exception of two items from the Strategies subscale (items 30 [When Im upset, I start to feel very bad about myself] and 36 [When Im upset, my emotions feel overwhelming]). Literature has emphasized the urgency of investing in the promotion of Social and Emotional Competence (SEC) in adults. Behav. 0000002382 00000 n ____ I control my emotions by changing the way I think about the situation I'm in. The use of a short form in lieu of the full DERS may be sufficient for many general clinical and research purposes, particularly when participant burden is a concern. Items are rated on a scale of 1 (almost never [010%]) to 5 (almost always [91100%]). 92, 544559. [1360 0 R] *n 8. 'DFAJzE:uZ34|4+;4\K\Lb'7\gmI. Clin. 85, 268277. Assess. 0000319908 00000 n J. Psychopathol. J. Anxiety Disord. ^5*i_W@!raymQBlnzivc`+oY(Cz6$PJP]?O 4-z z I/$rg+=p-By4z ce! 8j|YWKetv|)ot@Cs1fW#vl.3mTNY6|foLTb_V_PV=oewb~^qXI'>!xe& /+a8Mw'9RfBGD# /2fmtdWIT7`j`zu{N*P~Z?Gw^ Every week I send my subscribers a newsletter where I share one tried and tested Health Tip that you can use immediately to improve your health. As such, the extent to which any measure derived from a clinical-contextual framework could be considered a measure of emotion regulation as it is defined by affective scientists is a matter of debate. This sample provides an ecologically valid context for assessing the psychometric properties of the DERS, which is based on a clinically derived model of emotion regulation and often used in similar clinical contexts. Contribution of the DERS common and specific factors to predicting clinical severity at discharge. We were interested in the internal consistency and factor structure of the DERS, as well as the incremental utility of the various subscales for predicting clinical severity. normative data to assist with the interpretation of PERCI scores. The present paper aims to address both gaps in the literature. >?=O^ ="B4/L=\w*aT (Gross & John, 2003). All participants who met these eligibility criteria and who completed the standard clinical intake were included in analyses. Psychometric properties of a structured diagnostic interview for DSM-5 anxiety, mood, and obsessive-compulsive and related disorders. 0000008810 00000 n doi: 10.4236/ojpsych.2013.34A001, Bjureberg, J., Ljtsson, B., Tull, M. T., Hedman, E., Sahlin, H., Lundh, L. G., et al. Behav. Clinical severity was established via the CGI (Guy, 1976), a widely used clinician-administered measure that rates global clinical severity on a scale from 1 = normal, not at all ill to 7 = extremely ill. 0000229418 00000 n RAND is nonprofit, nonpartisan, and committed to the public interest. This approach allowed us to assess the unique incremental contribution of each DERS latent factor (i.e., the contribution after all other latent factors were controlled) to clinical severity. J. Anxiety Disord. endobj The DERS (Gratz and Roemer, 2004) is a 36-item self-report measure of six facets of emotion regulation. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.12.026, Giromini, L., Velotti, P., de Campora, G., Bonalume, L., and Cesare Zavattini, G. (2012). x1 04< The Emotion Regulation Skills Questionnaire is a 27 item measure of emotion regulation skills. <<30113BB4F4696E4EBD3CDCA818CFBE55>]>> PDF | Background Acknowledging the under-examined research of socio-cognitive mindfulness and Gross's emotion regulation strategies in nursing, this. J. Clin. doi: 10.1080/00223891.2010.496477, Rusch, S., Westermann, S., and Lincoln, T. M. (2012). 0000004620 00000 n Behav. Sci. doi: 10.1007/s10608-006-9055-4, Sheppes, G., Suri, G., and Gross, J. J. (2018). These findings were conceptually replicated in a study that attempted to address possible psychometric problems related to reverse-scored items by rewording the items prior to administration (Bardeen et al., 2016). The model upon which the DERS is based (Gratz and Roemer, 2004) proposes four broad facets of emotion regulation: (a) awareness and understanding of emotions; (b) acceptance of emotions; (c) the ability to control impulses and behave in accordance with goals in the presence of negative affect; and (d) access to emotion regulation strategies that are perceived to be effective for feeling better. Within that framework, we replicated and extended Osborne et al.s (2017) finding that a bifactor solution excluding the Awareness subscale provides a good fit for the data. J. Psychopathol. 2022-10-25T00:02:50-07:00 Annu. To establish the factor structure of the DERS in treatment-seeking adults with emotional disorders, we tested three previously identified factor structures using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) in MPlus 7.0 (Muthn and Muthn, 19982017). No differences were observed for the total score or the other subscales. 115, 850855. 0000229347 00000 n This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). % The Goals specific factor was positively associated with CGI at discharge (after controlling for other variables). 0000404915 00000 n Emotion regulation difficulties in trauma survivors: the role of trauma type and PTSD symptom severity. 0000188228 00000 n 0000005295 00000 n When distinguishing between the versions, we will use the term DERS-36 to refer to the original DERS and will use the relevant abbreviations (i.e., DERS-16; DERS-18; and DERS-SF) to refer to each short form. 151 0 obj A bifactor model typically includes one general factor that accounts for common variance across the items as well as one or more specific lower-order factors (e.g., Reise et al., 2010). This model has been embraced primarily within applied clinical research and treatment contexts. 225, 425432. Emotional awareness may be a necessary but insufficient criterion for emotion regulation, but it does not appear to be the same construct. Assessment 25, 313. 27, 204209. 5 0 obj 38, 284296. The consistency of these findings, both in the present study and in the extant literature, leads us to conclude that the DERS as a whole is psychometrically stronger when the Awareness subscale is excluded. Consistent with findings from a wide array of existing studies (e.g., Osborne et al., 2017), the Awareness subscale showed relatively poor psychometric properties in both the DERS-36 and its short forms. All items are answered on a 7-point Likert scale . doi: 10.1037/1040-3590.10.2.176, Bardeen, J. R., and Fergus, T. A. That is, the DERS-16 and DERS-18 were not inferior to the DERS-36 in their ability to account for variance in anxiety and stress, and the DERS-SF was not inferior to the DERS-36 in its ability to account for variance in CGI. J. Psychopathol. ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 18 July 2016 doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01068 The Association among Difficulties in Emotion Regulation, Hostility, and Empathy in a Sample of Young Italian Adults Anna Contardi *, Claudio Imperatori, Ilaria Penzo, Claudia Del Gatto and Benedetto Farina Department of Human Science, European University of Rome, Rome, Italy The aim of the present study was to assess the . These findings should be interpreted in light of several strengths and limitations. 30, 469480. endobj 0 Women scored higher than men on Impulse [t(407) = 2.33, p = 0.020] and marginally higher on Non-acceptance [t(415) = 1.86, p = 0.064]. It is a widely used measure of emotion regulation, but its factor structure has rarely been examined outside of university student samples, and some authors have recently . Emotion Beliefs Questionnaire (EBQ; Becerra et al., 2020), Emotion Regulation . Muthn, L. K., and Muthn, B. O. 10. doi: 10.1007/s10862-012-9280-y, Becerra, R., Cruise, K., Murray, G., Bassett, D., Harms, C., Allan, A., et al. The emerging field of emotion regulation: an integrative review. To our knowledge, this study is the first to examine the general and specific concurrent and predictive validity of the DERS and its subscales using an SEM framework. Taken together, these findings suggest that useful information may be gleaned both from the total score and from the subscale scores. The short forms generally performed similarly well despite a slight loss of predictive utility (13% of the variance) for explaining clinical severity. The 36 items self-report scale asks respondents how they relate to their emotions in order to produce scores on the following subscales. The relationship between emotion dysregulation and deliberate self-harm among inpatients with substance use disorders. 0000229944 00000 n gv j.l >=g-I"57}rAT! =6 ]4!MnlC^ R E"y3 SyTf-y5["W1%i+1 Successful skills use is assessed through nine subscales; awareness, sensations, clarity, understanding, modification, acceptance, tolerance, readiness to confront distressing situations, and self-support. The final model examined the extent to which the general factor and each subscale predicted severity at discharge, controlling for severity at intake. The students who had low score in mindfulness in comparison with the students with high levels of mindfulness reported low and high scores in adjusted and unadjusted cognitive emotion regulation strategies, respectively. The DERS is a brief, 36-item, self-report questionnaire designed to assess multiple aspects of emotion dysregulation. Results: For the original DERS, internal consistency was strong for all subscales except Awareness. All short form subscales excluding Awareness were entered on Step 2, and all DERS-36 subscales excluding Awareness were entered on Step 3 (see Table 4). 2007. Emotion, emotion regulation, and psychopathology: an affective science perspective. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. doi: 10.1016/j.beth.2010.04.004, Fowler, J. C., Charak, R., Elhai, J. D., Allen, J. G., Frueh, B. C., and Oldham, J. M. (2014). 145156. endobj All authors contributed to study conception and design and approved the final version of the manuscript. In a third model that included treatment outcome data, the general factor and the Goals factor each predicted outcome even after clinical severity at intake and the other specific factors were controlled. 0000007041 00000 n doi: 10.1023/B:JOBA.0000007455.08539.94, Gratz, K. L., Rosenthal, M. Z., Tull, M. T., Lejuez, C. W., and Gunderson, J. G. (2006). }~T$ 1XW'gA|/anCJ|2P\3[sODPUOA%jb5j7 aTL p Future research should also carefully examine the Strategies subscale, which performed well in the present study but includes depression-related content (e.g., When Im upset, I believe that Ill end up feeling very depressed; When Im upset, I start to feel very bad about myself), which may inflate validity estimates. /content/admin/rand-header/jcr:content/par/header/reports, /content/admin/rand-header/jcr:content/par/header/blogPosts, /content/admin/rand-header/jcr:content/par/header/multimedia, /content/admin/rand-header/jcr:content/par/header/caseStudies, Black Veterans Generally Have a Better Quality of Life than Black Non-Veterans, China's Role in the Global Development of Critical Resources, Federal Data Gaps on New Migrant Students Leave Schools Unable to Plan Ahead, Cannabis Legalization in Europe: Planning Ahead, Wait Times for Veterans Scheduling Health Care Appointments, Improving Psychological Wellbeing and Work Outcomes in the UK, Getting to Know Military Caregivers and Their Needs, Planning for the Rising Costs of Dementia, >Regulation of Emotions Questionnaire (REQ). Internal consistency of short form subscale and total scores and correlation with original (36-item) DERS scores. endobj Meaning of the CERQ scales. ' 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Keywords: Validity; reliability; cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire; CERQ; Persian . Model fit was significantly improved by this modification, 2(5) = 28.69, p < 0.001; model 2(491) = 1231.48, p < 0.001, RMSEA = 0.06, CFI = 0.97, TLI = 0.96. Res. Participants respond to each item using a 7-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree). Struct. These findings suggest that the use of a short form to reduce participant burden would likely be acceptable in most clinical and research situations. 0000187383 00000 n 0000009971 00000 n Individ. Specifically, we examined the internal consistency of the short form subscales, their convergent validity and factor structure vis--vis the original measure, and the extent to which each short form was comparable to the full DERS in terms of ability to account for variance in the clinical measures. Notably, one recent study (Osborne et al., 2017) provided preliminary support for a bifactor solution in a sample of N = 344 adults receiving DBT. The role of anxiety sensitivity and difficulties in emotion regulation in posttraumatic stress disorder among crack/cocaine dependent patients in residential substance abuse treatment. 0000369567 00000 n Whereas the other DERS subscales aim to assess how an individual reacts to emotions, the Awareness subscale aims to assess whether or not an individual notices emotions. Experiential avoidance is defined as intolerance of and maladaptive efforts to avoid (usually negative) emotional experiences (e.g., Hayes et al., 1996). Because the DERS is a self-report measure, future research should also use both self-report and behavioral assessments to establish whether actual cognitive or self-control, perceived cognitive- or self-control, or both, best account for the observed relationships. 8. (2015). Gen. Psychol. The finding that poorer perceived ability to engage in goal-directed cognition and behavior when distressed (as represented by the Goals factor) predicted poorer outcome was less surprising. Specificity of emotion regulation deficits in social anxiety: an internet study. 0000008305 00000 n Both models included a clinical severity latent variable (observed variables were CGI and the three DASS subscales) which was predicted by the DERS bifactor model (excluding Awareness). We also ran a series of hierarchical regressions to test the extent to which each short form fully accounted for DERS-related variance in clinical severity. jD'UhBu}d)los#Eq?@/}J[*"@Y\R`I IxM;oW*j5MT8PXV^mg)LA23\kEMX[`w4`_yi*Kc(+DFunl5, David A. Preece, Rodrigo Becerra, Ken Robinson, and James J. The Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ), that captures individual tendencies to reappraise and to suppress the expression of emotions, was also developed. All diagnoses and CGIs were confirmed by a licensed clinical psychologist. . Abstract. Concordance of the short form subscales with the corresponding DERS-36 subscales was also high; all were greater than r = 0.86 and most were greater than r = 0.90. David A. Preece, Rodrigo Becerra, Ken Robinson, and James J. <> An examination of the incremental contribution of emotion regulation difficulties to health anxiety beyond specific emotion regulation strategies. 35, 7989. Respondents use a 7-point discrete visual analog scale to indicate the extent to which 10 self-descriptive statements regarding the experience and expression of emotions pertain to them. Incremental utility of the DERS-16, DERS-18, and DERS-SF. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.64.6.1152, Henry, J. D., and Crawford, J. R. (2005). <>/ExtGState<>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/Annots[ 9 0 R] /MediaBox[ 0 0 792 612] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> One possible reason for this is that the Awareness subscale assesses a different construct. Personality disorders were not systematically assessed. The future of emotion regulation research: capturing context. 1 0 obj endobj The general factor and several specific factors incrementally and prospectively predicted clinical severity and treatment outcome, which suggests that the DERS may have clinical and predictive utility in treatment-seeking adults with emotional disorders. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. 38, 303313. doi: 10.1177/1745691612459518, PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar. doi: 10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-U, MacCallum, R. C., Browne, M. W., and Sugawara, H. M. (1996). Scaling 1 = Strongly Disagree, 4 = Neutral, 7 = Strongly Agree Number of Items 10 (6 Reappraisal items & 4 Suppression items) Sample Items Notably, the DERS general latent factor was associated with better treatment outcome (i.e., lower CGI at discharge after controlling for baseline clinical severity), while the Goals factor was associated with poorer outcome. Participants then met individually with a licensed clinical psychologist or advanced doctoral student trainee to complete the diagnostic interview. Y+ahp@ncJMXx([$~[k~3f63Sp8h$);|;vUcp>.U'O;YP)v_q-N8/-@;#3 Support for a bifactor model would suggest that the DERS may indeed assess five (or six) distinct but related latent constructs. Surprisingly, the general factor was negatively associated with discharge CGI after controlling for the other variables, suggesting that poorer emotion regulation (as assessed by the DERS) predicted a better clinical outcome after other factors were controlled. In particular, clinicians should pay special attention to participants reports of their ability to engage in goal-directed cognition and behavior when distressed (i.e., Goals score) as this appears to have unique incremental predictive power beyond other subscales and the general factor. The DERS-36 accounted for a small but significant additional portion of the variance (23%) in depression for all three short forms. The Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ); (12) is selfreport widely used measure of emotion regulation (34) and it was administered to assess parents' emotion regulation in trait. Assess. 0000007933 00000 n Emotion regulation in bipolar disorder: are emotion regulation abilities less compromised in euthymic bipolar disorder than unipolar depressive or anxiety disorders? 0000005160 00000 n Overall, the original DERS (DERS-36; Gratz and Roemer, 2004) and its three newly developed short forms showed psychometric properties that ranged from adequate to good across a range of indices. endstream endobj 2383 0 obj <>/Size 2325/Type/XRef>>stream Diagnosing and treating clinicians were blind to study hypotheses. <>]/P 975 0 R/Pg 1361 0 R/S/Link>> Open J. Psychiatr. 9, 8590. Finally, we assessed the psychometric properties of the DERS short forms by examining the internal consistency of each subscale and its concordance with the corresponding DERS-36 subscale. Objective: The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) is a widely used self-report measure of subjective emotion ability, as defined by a prominent clinically derived model of emotion regulation (Gratz and Roemer, 2004). 34, 393404. Measurement of emotion dysregulation in adolescents. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.03.002, Bardeen, J. R., Fergus, T. A., Hannan, S. M., and Orcutt, H. K. (2016). Power analysis and determination of sample size for covariance structure modeling. The WLSMV estimator was used for all analyses to account for the categorical response scales. (1998). 2022-10-25T00:02:50-07:00 Journal of Personality Assessment. Future research should also clarify the mechanisms by which the DERS predicts treatment outcome, with the ultimate goal of deriving specific implications for treatment. ;n8q; $s.UkrS?yzTCC"pGS^,qp&h!UT2ovL,lZusNGtjD? Years of research have illustrated that emotion regulation plays a prominent role in the psychological development and mental health of children [1-3].Emotion regulation refers to the process by which a person attempts to reduce, maintain, or increase an emotion [].Thus, emotion regulation encompasses a wide range of conscious and unconscious physiological, behavioral, social . This approach allowed us to determine whether the DERS-36 captured additional variance in each outcome beyond the variance explained by short form. Res. %PDF-1.5 0000010672 00000 n Drug Alcohol Depend. In the current study, the internal consistency was excellent for the DASS depression subscale ( = 0.92) and good for the anxiety ( = 0.84) and stress ( = 0.84) subscales. The DERS-36 also explained an additional small but significant amount of variance (23%) in CGI for the DERS-16 and the DERS-18, and 23% of the variance in anxiety and stress for the DERS-SF. One notable strength is our use of a relatively large sample of treatment-seeking adults with emotional disorders. 41, 587598. Although the DERS is often used in treatment and research settings for adults with emotional (i.e., anxiety, mood, obsessive-compulsive, or trauma-related) disorders . Factor structure of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale (DERS) in adult outpatients receiving dialectical behavior therapy (DBT). Assess. doi: 10.1016/S0005-7967(96)00068-X, de la Cruz, L. F., Landau, D., Iervolino, A. C., Santo, S., Pertusa, A., Singh, S., et al. _zu$u{~O_!o84&D:ou6taiVa{U?L2]\3. 34, 544553. Our plan is to continue to update this . J. Psychopathol. Notably, studies that have attempted to fit a higher-order factor in addition to the six lower-order factors have generally found relatively poor fit, although fit is again improved when the Awareness items are excluded (Bardeen et al., 2012; Fowler et al., 2014). Psychiatry Res. 0n*'+Y L=D{DF}?iWT3mIudibGE&"XtK[H!\/IOzUq6.t3S5fksgn;#4'T(lvPS}gc-BlPG2_LaIc aL jAh\ -kn2#2z[_;WCg%XOldlD?vOVH NC@IX? /Fk%i_BxcL`ANf&A+eoAY3 Front. The factor analytic results suggested that a bifactor solution with one general factor and five specific factors (Awareness excluded) provided the best fit to the data. 64, 11521168. 0000070681 00000 n 23, 591599. Psychol. HWmo _1 Model fit was acceptable, 2(375) = 1016.70; RMSEA = 0.06; CFI = 0.97; TLI = 0.97. Future research should include alternative measures of emotion regulation (including behavioral or physiological measures) and related constructs (cognitive control; alexithymia) to further evaluate validity of the DERS as a measure of emotion regulation per se and to clarify the mechanisms by which the various facets of emotion dysregulation assessed by the DERS relate to clinical severity, functional impairment, and distress. Candidate, Pardee RAND Graduate School, Assistant Policy Researcher, RAND; Ph.D. Student, Pardee RAND Graduate School. A preliminary investigation of the relationship between emotion regulation difficulties and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Future research that includes assessments of these potential mediators is needed to test this potentially important relationship. endobj 0000008048 00000 n Inq. Prince 14.2 (www.princexml.com) Put another way, the same dose of emotion regulation might result in mild distress for an individual whose emotion was moderately intense prior to regulation, but moderate distress for an individual whose emotion was very intense prior to regulation (e.g., Lewis et al., 2010). Gross, The emotion regulation questionnaire: psychometric properties in general community samples. When clinical severity was added to the model, a solution that permitted both the general and specific factors to predict variance provided a superior fit to the data compared to a model where only the general factor was allowed to predict variance, providing further support for the bifactor model. However, the groups did not differ in age (p = 0.984), gender (p = 0.108), CGI (p = 0.660), or DERS total or subscale scores (all p 0.274). Introduction. Assess. The first model allowed only the general factor from the bifactor model to predict clinical severity; paths were not included for the subscale scores. Cogn. 4 0 obj The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. Findings with respect to specific subscale scores are less consistent than those for the total score. 0000003268 00000 n endobj Assess. These findings should be interpreted with caution, since the smaller number of participants with discharge CGI data reduced statistical power for this analysis. endobj <> doi: 10.1007/s10862-016-9547-9, Weinberg, A., and Klonsky, E. D. (2009). These specific factors are not permitted to correlate with the general factor or each other and therefore are proposed to represent a latent construct that is unique and incremental relative to the general factor and the other specific factors. The latent general factor and the Goals specific factor each explained significant incremental variance in discharge CGI. ?0kNj%QLj The RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make communities throughout the world safer and more secure, healthier and more prosperous. <> endobj Consult. J. Pers. 0000003727 00000 n A bifactor model following the general and specific factor structure observed for the DERS-36 (i.e., one general factor and five specific factors corresponding to each subscale excluding Awareness) provided a good fit for each short form, suggesting good concordance in factor structure. Psychol. Diagnostic status was established via the DIAMOND (Tolin et al., 2018), a semi-structured diagnostic interview that includes modules for DSM-5 anxiety, depressive, bipolar and related, obsessive-compulsive and related, and trauma- and stressor-related disorders, and other disorders that are not a focus of the present study (e.g., schizophrenia spectrum disorders; feeding and eating disorders; substance use and addictive disorders).
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