United, the brothers sought to remove their father's cousin Chlothar II from power and they did succeed in conquering most of his kingdom, reducing him to only a few cities, but they failed to capture him. The Uparkot Caves of Junagadh and the Khambhalida Caves belong to the later years of the Satraps. Afterwards, they were displaced in 410 CE by the invasions of the Hephthalite Empire. In 720, when Chilperic II died, he had appointed Theuderic IV king, but this last was a mere puppet of his. This consisted of sculpture which probably was not commissioned by the emperor. Inscribed statue of Saka King Chastana, with inscription "Shastana" (, First expansion: Kshaharata dynasty (1st century CE), Cave No.10 of Nasik, the 'Nahapana Vihara', International trade: the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, Kardamaka dynasty, family of Castana (1st4th century), Loss of southern territories to the Satavahanas (end of 2nd century CE), Central India conquered by Samudragupta (r. 336380 CE), Conquests of Chandragupta II (r. 380415 CE), World history from early times to A D 2000 by B .V. [15][16], The legislation resembled the feudal system then prevalent in Western Europe, with an aristocratic basis and establishing a wide distinction between nobility and peasantry. The original core territory of the Frankish kingdom later came to be known as Austrasia (the "eastern lands"), while the large Romanised Frankish kingdom in northern Gaul came to be known as Neustria. Thereafter the Merovingian monarchs showed only sporadically, in our surviving records, any activities of a non-symbolic and self-willed nature. This subkingdom, commonly called Aquitaine, was a new creation. Rashtrakuta inscriptions are in Kannada and Sanskrit only. [40] The Kushanas are stated to have adopted the title Shah-in-shahi ("Shaonano shao") in imitation of Achaemenid practice. [109][78] The Nagarjunakonda inscriptions are the earliest substantial South Indian Sanskrit inscriptions, probably from the late 3rd-century to early 4th-century CE. The Leges Salica, Ribuaria, and Chamavorum were Carolingian creations, their basis in earlier Frankish reality being difficult for scholars to discern at the present distance. Eventually weakened both by contention with the northwestern invaders and internal strife they broke up and gave rise to several nations around Deccan and central India regions even as the Gupta Empire arose in the Indo-Gangetic Plain and ushered in a "Golden Age" and rebirth of empire as decentralized local administrative model and the spread of Indian culture until collapse under the Huna invasions. Nahapana established the silver coinage of the Kshatrapas. Having subdued the Pallavas of Kanchipuram, he accepted tributes from the Pandyas of Madurai, Chola dynasty and Cheras of the Kerala region. Kreiner, Jamie. 3. The Pahlavas are said to be same as the Parasikas, a Saka group. [8] Bulgarian tsar Ivan Alexander, whose sister Helena Duan later married, became his ally between 1332 and 1365. The categorisation of the past into discrete, quantified named blocks of time is called periodization. Bhumaka was the father of the great ruler Nahapana (whose rule is variously dated to 24-70 CE, 66-71 CE, or 119124 CE), according to one of the latter's coins. Lakshman was later defeated by the Muslims and fled to eastern Bengal where he ruled few more years. The interdynastic rivalry and seasonal raids into each other's territory notwithstanding, the rulers in the Deccan and South India patronized all three religions - Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism. He also incorporated the various Roman military settlements (laeti) scattered over Gaul: the Saxons of Bessin, the Britons and the Alans of Armorica and Loire valley or the Taifals of Poitou to name a few prominent ones. By 623 the Austrasians had begun to clamour for a king of their own, since Chlothar was so often absent from the kingdom and, because of his upbringing and previous rule in the Seine basin, was more or less an outsider there. Female terracotta figure, northern India, c. 320-200 BCE, Head of an Indian Village Deity, terracotta, 3rd century BCE, Mother goddess (terracotta) from Mathura, 3rd century BCE, Elephant (terracotta) from Mathura, 3rd century BCE, Forepart of an animal (terracotta) from Mathura, 3rd century BCE, Monkey (terracotta) from Mathura, 3rd-2nd century BCE, The ringstone is a distinctive type of artefact and miniature sculpture made in India during the approximate period of the Mauryan Empire and the following Sunga Empire (187-78 BCE). They are disparately placed in time and space. Otto I was crowned on 2 February 962, marking the beginning of the Holy Roman Empire (translatio imperii). Burgundia too defined itself in opposition to Neustria at about this time. Immediately after the fall of Rome and through the Merovingian dynasty, trading towns were re-established in the ruins of ancient cities. The technique of producing such coins was generally that the metal was cut first and then the device was punched. This dynasty rose to power in the Deccan between 1156 and 1181 CE. The chief minister of Uttarakhand is the chief executive of the Indian state of Uttarakhand.In accordance with the Constitution of India, the governor is a state's de jure head, but de facto executive authority rests with the chief minister.Following elections to the legislative assembly, the state's governor usually invites the party (or coalition) with a majority of seats to form the The animal capital as a finely carved lifelike representation, noteworthy are the lion capital of Sarnath, the bull capital of Rampurva and the lion capital of Lauria Nandangarh. From the mid-seventh to the mid-13th centuries, regionalism was the dominant theme of political and dynastic history of the Indian subcontinent. [97], Following these conquests, the silver coins of the Gupta kings Chandragupta II and his son Kumaragupta I adopted the Western Satrap design (itself derived from the Indo-Greeks) with bust of the ruler and pseudo-Greek inscription on the obverse, and a royal eagle (Garuda, the dynastic symbol of the Guptas) replacing the chaitya hill with star and crescent on the reverse. The Brahmanda Purana and Markendeya Purana refer to both as Pahlava or Pallava. The continued use of the word "Satrap" on their coin would suggest a recognized subjection to a higher ruler, possibly the Kushan emperor.[120]. There were no more active Merovingian kings after that point and Charles and his Carolingian heirs ruled the Franks. Then, after conquering Hum, Duan proceeded to enter Dalmatia, in order to secure his sister's domains. He occupied portions of the Satavahana Empire in western and central India. It represents a turning point in Sanskrit epigraphy, states Salomon, being "the first extensive record in the poetic style" in "more or less standard Sanskrit". Kingdom was established around the confluence of the Brahmaputra river with the Meghna and Surma rivers in today's Central Bangladesh area. Kushan Empire (30375 AD) Kushans ruled Sindh and called the land ''Scythia''. Stefan Uro V died childless on 4 December 1371, after much of the Serbian nobility had been killed by the Ottoman Turks during the Battle of Maritsa. Carloman also campaigned against the Saxons and the two together defeated a rebellion led by Hunoald at the head of the Basques and another led by Alemanni, in which Liutfrid of Alsatia probably died, either fighting for or against the brothers. The Satavahanas (Sdavhana or Stavhana, IAST: Stavhana), also referred to as the Andhras in the Puranas, were an ancient Indian dynasty based in the Deccan region. The first Saka king in India was Maues or Moga who established Saka power in Gandhara and gradually extended supremacy over north-western India. The Maitraka Empire ruled Gujarat in western India from the c. 475 to 767 CE. 3 of the Pandavleni Caves in Nashik: Gautamiputra Satakarni () who crushed down the pride and conceit of the Kshatriyas; who destroyed the Sakas (Western Satraps), Yavanas (Indo-Greeks) and Pahlavas (Indo-Parthians),[44] who rooted out the Khakharata family (the Kshaharata family of Nahapana); who restored the glory of the Satavahana race. [168][169] Historians refer to the founders of the dynasty as natives of Malnad Karnataka, based on the numerous inscriptions calling them Maleparolganda or "Lord of the Male (hills) chiefs" (Malepas). This monumental piece of architecture tends to suggest the Achaemenid and Hellenistic artistic influence at the Mauryan court from early on.[6][7]. [76][74][75], The region of Sanchi-Vidisha was again captured from the Satavahanas during the rule of Rudrasena II (255-278 CE), as shown by finds of Rudrasena II's coinage in the area. Commerce was another object of Duan's concern. [citation needed]. Nahapana and Ushavadata were ultimately defeated by the powerful Satavahana king Gautamiputra Satakarni. The Chaulukyas (also called Solankis) was another Rajput dynasty In Gujarat, Anhilwara (modern Siddhpur Patan) served as their capital. Duan's Code was enacted in two state assemblies, the first on May 21, 1349 in Skopje, and the second in 1354 in Serres. During the eighth century they consolidated their rule over Kashmir. Geologic time units are (in order of descending specificity) eons, eras, periods, epochs, and ages; and the corresponding chronostratigraphic units, which measure "rock-time", are eonothems, erathems, systems, series, and stages. The Chalukyas were replaced by the Rashtrakutas of Manyakheta in 753 CE as the dominant power in the Deccan. [72] However, the authenticity of this claim is doubtful. The date of Castana is not certain, but many believe his reign started in the year 78 CE, thus making him the founder of the Saka era. Together the territory of Guntram and Childebert was well over thrice as large as the small realm of Chilperic's successor, Chlothar II. In 673, Chlothar III died and some Neustrian and Burgundian magnates invited Childeric to become king of the whole realm, but he soon upset some Neustrian magnates and he was assassinated (675). Armies from other Rajput kingdoms, including Mewar, assisted him. [167] In the early 12th century they successfully fought the Cholas in the south, convincingly defeating them in the battle of Talakad and moved their capital to nearby Halebidu. It would therefore seem, that stone transported from Mathura and Chunar to the various sites where the pillars have been found and here the stone was cut and carved by craftsmen[5] They were given a fine polish characteristic of Mauryan sculpture. Later, the Junagadh rock inscription (c. 150 CE) of Rudradaman I[55] acknowledged the military might of the Yaudheyas "who would not submit because they were proud of their title 'heroes among the Kshatriyas'", before explaining that they were ultimately vanquished by Rudradaman I.[56][57]. [7] These cities would house a number of dynasties in their times, and based on Ptolemy's Geography and the nomenclature of later kings, a certain Theophila in the south was also probably a satrapal or royal seat at some point. The Western Ganga kings showed benevolent tolerance to all faiths but are most famous for their patronage towards Jainism resulting in the construction of monuments in places such as Shravanabelagola and Kambadahalli. Attributed arms of Serbia from the Fojnica Armorial, manuscript of the late 16th or early 17th century. Many sources describe Bodhidharma, the founder of the Zen school of Buddhism in China, as a prince of the Pallava dynasty.[116]. Charles also created a large palace at Aachen, a series of roads, and a canal. Later they had marital ties with the Vishnukundina who ruled over the Deccan. Bordering Serbia to the west was the banate of Bosnia, ruled by Stephen II Kotromanic. [135] The rule of Indra III in the 10th century enhanced the Rashtrakuta position as an imperial power as they conquered and held Kannauj again. Kings were legitimized by their links with the religious institutions. Pallavas were replaced by the Pandyas in the 8th century. It was built by King Narasimhadeva I (12381264 CE). They are called "Western" in contrast to the "Northern" Indo-Scythian satraps who ruled in the area of Mathura, such as Rajuvula, and his successors under the Kushans, the "Great Satrap" Kharapallana and the "Satrap" Vanaspara. The Bactrian Kingdom, known to historians as the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom or simply Greco-Bactria, was a Hellenistic-era Greek state, and along with the Indo-Greek Kingdom, the easternmost part of the Hellenistic world in Central Asia and the Indian Subcontinent from its founding in 256 BC by Diodotus I Soter to its fall c. 120 BC under the reign of Heliocles I. Majumdar, p. 135, Buddhist Landscapes in Central India: Sanchi Hill and Archaeologies of Religious and Social Change, c. Third Century BC to Fifth Century AD, Julia Shaw, Routledge, 2016, "Another queen of Virapurusha was Rudradhara-bhattarika. It is more or less similar to an Ashokan pillar, smooth, polished and made of grey Chunar sandstone.[19]. HEPHTHALITE/ HUNAS invasions, Shaka I (c. 325 345) After over two decades of waging war against a foreign power, the Hoysala ruler at the time, Veera Ballala III, died in the battle of Madurai in 1343. The history and culture of the Indian people: 3. ", in, "A Scythian dvarapala standing wearing his typical draperies, boots and head dress. The earlier caves at Sana, Junagadh, Dhank, Talaja, Sidhasar, Prabhas Patan and Ranapar in the Barada Hills are mostly plain and austere in looks except some carvings in the Bava Pyara Caves of Junagadh. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1954, pp 112 ff; The Shahis of Afghanistan and Punjab, 1973, p 46, Dr D. B. Pandey; The akas in India and Their Impact on Indian Life and Culture, 1976, p 80, Vishwa Mitra Mohan - Indo-Scythians. [69] The Tomaras of Delhi ruled parts of the present-day Delhi and Haryana. Charibert campaigned successfully against the Basques, but after his death they revolted again (632). The Eastern Ganga dynasty rulers reigned over Kainga which consisted of the parts of the modern-day Indian states of Odisha, West Bengal, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh from the 11th century to the early 15th century. He established his supremacy over Kabul, Kandahar and Afghanistan. Tsar Duan doubled the size of Serbian state, seizing territories in all directions, especially south and southeast. Although such elections happened infrequently, a general rule in Germanic law stated that the king relied on the support of his leading men. The Qin dynasty (/ t n / CHIN; Chinese: ; pinyin: Qn cho), or Ch'in dynasty in WadeGiles romanization (WadeGiles: Ch'in ch'ao), was the first dynasty of Imperial China, lasting from 221 to 206 BC. Too incompetent to sustain the empire created by his father, Stefan V could neither repel attacks of foreign enemies nor combat the independence of his nobility. Damajadasri II They are usually dated to the 3rd or 2nd centuries BCE. 116, No. He left a portion of his army to continue besieging Bobovac; sent another portion to conquer the region of Krajina, while he himself led a third portion to conquer Hum. Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription (Greek and Aramaic) by king Ashoka, from Kandahar. Bhimarjuna Duan most likely kept control over Dalmatia, since after his conquests, Serbian Orthodox monastery of Krka was built in that region. Goods were also brought down in quantity from Ujjain, the capital of the Western Satraps: Inland from this place and to the east, is the city called Ozene, formerly a royal capital; from this place are brought down all things needed for the welfare of the country about Barygaza, and many things for our trade: agate and carnelian, Indian muslins and mallow cloth, and much ordinary cloth. [26], Numerous inscriptions in the caves are known, which were made by the family of Nahapana: six inscriptions in Nasik Caves, one inscription at Karla Caves, and one by Nahapana's minister in the Manmodi Caves at Junnar. The campaigns of Chandragupta II brought an end to nearly four centuries of Saka rule on the subcontinent. [148][149][150] This era produced prolonged warfare with the Chola dynasty of Tamilakam for control of the resources of the Godavari RiverKrishna River doab region in Vengi. A coin of Visvasena was found in excavations at the Ajanta Caves, in the burnt-brick monastery facing the caves on the right bank of the river Waghora.[80]. 26 in Cave VI of the Bhimasankar group of caves), mentions a gift by Nahapana's prime minister Ayama in the "year 46": The meritorious gift. of Ayama of the Vachhasagotra, prime minister of the King Mahakshatrapa the lord Nahapana, This inscription, the last one of the reign of Nahapana, suggests that Nahapana may have become an independent ruler since he is described as a King.[36]. The Pataliputra capital, dated to the 3rd century BCE, has been excavated at the Mauryan city of Pataliputra. Memorial Pillar (OBNAG0032) with Inscription (INNAG0031) of Rupiamma", An Exceptional Group of Painted Buddha Figures at Ajan, p.97 and Note 2, Los Angeles County Museum of Art description, "The Coinage of Sind from 250 AD up to the Arab Conquest". [21] The claim appears in an inscription at the Nashik Caves, made by the Nahapana's viceroy Ushavadata: And by order of the lord I went to release the chief of the Uttamabhadras, who had been besieged for the rainy season by the Malayas, and those Malayas fled at the mere roar (of my approaching) as it were, and were all made prisoners of the Uttamabhadra warriors. He also sought to place checks on the power of local and regional judiciaries by the method of appointing missi dominici in pairs to oversee specific regions for short periods of time. This triggered once again the power struggle for the control of the subcontinent. [166], Kalachuris of Kalyani or the southern Kalachuris (11301184 CE) at their peak ruled parts of the Deccan extending over regions of present-day North Karnataka and parts of Maharashtra. [citation needed] The military exploits of the first three rulers - Chandragupta I (ca. Eastern Chalukyas were a South Indian dynasty whose kingdom was located in the present day Andhra Pradesh. [5] Terracotta images of folk gods and goddesses often have an earthy charm (some of them are perhaps dolls). [129] Because of Govinda III's victories, historians have compared him to Alexander the Great and Pandava Arjuna of the Hindu epic Mahabharata.
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